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''Ebonics'' (a blend of the words ''ebony'' and ''phonics'') is a term that was originally intended to refer to the language of all people descended from enslaved Black Africans, particularly in West Africa, the Caribbean, and North America. Since the 1996 controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board, the term ''Ebonics'' has primarily been used to refer to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), a dialect distinctively different from Standard American English. ==Original usage== The word ''Ebonics'' was originally coined in 1973 by African American social psychologist Robert Williams〔For Williams' background as a writer on issues related to IQ, see . also flatly states (p, 18) that "Williams is not a linguist."〕 in a discussion with linguist Ernie Smith (as well as other language scholars and researchers) that took place in a conference on "Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child", held in St. Louis, Missouri.〔; quoted in .〕〔For conference details, see .〕 His intention was to give a name to the language of African Americans that acknowledged the linguistic consequence of the slave trade and avoided the negative connotations of other terms like "Nonstandard Negro English": We need to define what we speak. We need to give a clear definition to our language...We know that ebony means black and that phonics refers to speech sounds or the science of sounds. Thus, we are really talking about the science of black speech sounds or language. In 1975, the term appeared in ''Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks, '' a book edited and cowritten by Williams: A two-year-old term created by a group of black scholars, Ebonics may be defined as "the linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendants of African origin. It includes the various idioms, patois, argots, idiolects, and social dialects of black people" especially those who have adapted to colonial circumstances. Ebonics derives its form from ebony (black) and phonics (sound, the study of sound) and refers to the study of the language of black people in all its cultural uniqueness.〔, quoted in , and . Unfortunately there is something amiss with each reproduction of what Williams writes, and also possible incompatibility between the two. Green has a couple of what appear to be minor typing errors (whether Williams' or her own, and anyway corrected above following Baugh) but otherwise presents the text as above: an unexplained quotation ("the linguistic and paralinguistic features...black people") within the larger quotation. Baugh does not present the material outside this inner quotation but instead presents the latter (not demarcated by quotation marks) within a different context. He describes this as part of a statement to the US Senate made at some unspecified time after 1993, yet also attributes it (or has Williams attribute part of it) to p.vi of Williams' book.〕 Other writers have since emphasized how the term represents a view of the language of Black people as African rather than European.〔For example, ; quoted in .〕 The term was not obviously popular even among those who agreed with the reason for coining it. Even within Williams' book, the term ''Black English'' is far more commonly used than the term ''Ebonics''.〔.〕 John Baugh has stated〔; he puts the four in a different order.〕 that the term ''Ebonics'' is used in four ways by its Afrocentric proponents. It may: :1. Be "an international construct, including the linguistic consequences of the African slave trade";〔 and , as summarized in Baugh's words.〕 :2. Refer to the languages of the African diaspora as a whole;〔.〕 or it may refer to what is normally regarded as a variety of (英語:either) :3. It "is the equivalent of black English and is considered to be a dialect of English" (and thus merely an alternative term for AAVE), or :4. It "is the antonym of black English and is considered to be a language other than English" (and thus a rejection of the notion of "African American Vernacular ''English''" but nevertheless a term for what others term AAVE, viewed as an independent language and not a mere ethnolect).〔The equivalent, ; the antonym, and ; both as summarized in Baugh's words.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ebonics (word)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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